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Allied Health
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The way forward for assessing the human health safety of cosmetics in the EU: Proceedings of Workshop 2Under the European Cosmetic Regulation, safety assessments of cosmetics and their ingredients must be conducted without the use of animals. This regulatory requirement poses a number of challenges, as validated alternative methods are only available for some of the toxicological endpoints that are typically considered in standard human health risk assessments. Despite significant progress since the ban in 2013, particularly in the development of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) for local and acute toxicity, and for mutagenicity/genotoxicity, there remains an urgent need for non-animal test methods to assess systemic toxicity, which often becomes evident after repeated or long-term exposure. Currently, no validated animal-free alternatives are available for assessing sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, developmental/reproductive toxicity, or for a major part of toxicokinetics. In response to these challenges, the Methodology Working Group of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety organised a dedicated workshop in December 2024 to discuss advances in the application of Next Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA) as a strategic animal-free approach for the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients. The workshop focused on a number of important key issues for the practical application of NAMs and NGRA, their regulatory acceptance and identification of possible (partial) solutions to overcome existing limitations. [Abstract copyright: © 2025. The Author(s).]
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Eating well when living with an intellectual disability—Exploring the carer: client relationship in residential settingsBackground: Individuals with intellectual disabilities face increased risks of obesity and health issues. Carers in residential settings play a crucial role in shaping their dietary habits. This study explores how carers influence eating behaviours to identify strategies for healthy eating. Method: Seventeen semi-structured interviews were conducted with carers from three community homes. Thematic analysis identified three key themes: (i) whose responsibility is it?; (ii) food autonomy and choice in the context of caring relationships; (iii) opportunities for working together to support dietary choices. Results: Carers strive to encourage healthy eating while respecting residents' autonomy, particularly in those with cognitive impairments or on psychotropic medications. They use strategies like rapport-building, personalised care, and nutrition education. However, these efforts are limited by gaps in knowledge, time constraints, and variation in application and impact. Conclusions: Findings highlight the practice gap and the need for better training and resources to support carers in promoting healthy food choices while respecting residents' autonomy.
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A generic theory of change-based framework with core indicators for monitoring the effectiveness of large-scale food fortification programs in low- and middle-income countriesLarge-scale food fortification (LSFF) programs are widely implemented in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) to alleviate micronutrient deficiencies. However, these programs may not achieve the desired impact due to poor design or bottlenecks in program implementation. Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) frameworks and a set of agreed indicators can help to benchmark progress and to strengthen the evidence-base of effectiveness in a standardized way. We aimed to formulate recommendations towards core indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of LSFF programs with their associated metrics, methods, and tools (IMMT). For this, we used a multi-method iterative approach, including a mapping review of the literature, semi-structured interviews with international experts, compilation of a generic Theory of Change (ToC) framework for LSFF program delivery, and selection of IMMT for M&E of LSFF programs at key stages along the ToC delivery framework. Lastly, we conducted exploratory, qualitative interviews with key informants in Nigeria to explore experiences and perceptions related to the implementation of LSFF programs in Nigeria's context, and their opinion towards the proposed set of core IMMT. The literature search resulted in 14 published and 15 grey literature documents, from which we extracted a total of 41 indicators. Based on the available literature and interviews with international experts, we mapped a ToC delivery framework and selected nine core indicators at the output, outcome and impact level for M&E of the effectiveness of LSFF programs. Key informants in Nigeria revealed that the main bottlenecks for implementation of the proposed IMMT are related to the lack of technical capacity, equipment, laboratory infrastructure, and financial resources. In conclusion, we propose a set of nine core indicators for enabling comprehensive M&E of the effectiveness of LSFF programs in LMIC. This proposed set of core indicators can be used for further evaluation, harmonization and integration in national and international protocols for M&E of LSFF programs.
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Effect of a fortified dairy-based drink on micronutrient status, growth, and cognitive development of Nigerian toddlers- a dose-response studyMalnutrition results in a high prevalence of stunting, underweight, and micronutrient deficiencies. This study investigated the effect of a multi-nutrient fortified dairy-based drink on micronutrient status, growth, and cognitive development in malnourished [height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and/or weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) < -1 SD and >-3 SD] Nigerian toddlers (<i>n</i> = 184, 1-3 years). The product was provided in different daily amounts (200, 400, or 600 ml) for 6 months. At baseline and endline, venous blood and urine samples were collected to determine micronutrient status. Bodyweight, height, waist, and head circumference were measured, and corresponding Z-scores were calculated. The Bayley-III Screening Test was used to classify the cognitive development of the children. In a modified per-protocol (PP) population, the highest prevalence's of micronutrient deficiencies were found for vitamin A (35.5%) and selenium (17.9%). At endline, there were no significant improvements in iodine, zinc, vitamin B12, and folate status in any of the three groups. Regarding vitamin D status (25OHD), consumption of 600 and 400 ml resulted in an improved status as compared to baseline, and in a difference between the 600- and 200-ml groups. Consumption of 600 ml also increased vitamin A and selenium status as compared to baseline, but no differences were found between groups. Within the groups, WAZ, weight-for-height z-score (WHZ), and BMI-for-age z-score (BAZ) improved, but without differences between the groups. For HAZ, only the 600 ml group showed improvement within the group, but it was not different between groups. For the absolute weight, height, and head circumference only trends for differences between groups were indicated. Cognition results did not differ between the groups. Within groups, all showed a decline in the per cent of competent children for receptive language. To study the effects of a nutritional intervention on linear growth and cognition, a longer study duration might be necessary. Regarding the improvement of micronutrient status, 600 ml of fortified dairy-based drink seems most effective.
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Multi-nutrient fortified dairy-based drink reduces anaemia without observed adverse effects on gut microbiota in anaemic malnourished Nigerian toddlers: A randomised dose–response studyPrevalence of anaemia among Nigerian toddlers is reported to be high, and may cause significant morbidity, affects brain development and function, and results in weakness and fatigue. Although, iron fortification can reduce anaemia, yet the effect on gut microbiota is unclear. This open-label randomised study in anaemic malnourished Nigerian toddlers aimed to decrease anaemia without affecting pathogenic gut bacteria using a multi-nutrient fortified dairy-based drink. The test product was provided daily in different amounts (200, 400 or 600 mL, supplying 2.24, 4.48 and 6.72 mg of elemental iron, respectively) for 6 months. Haemoglobin, ferritin, and C-reactive protein concentrations were measured to determine anaemia, iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) prevalence. Faecal samples were collected to analyse gut microbiota composition. All three dosages reduced anaemia prevalence, to 47%, 27% and 18%, respectively. ID and IDA prevalence was low and did not significantly decrease over time. Regarding gut microbiota, <i>E</i><i>nterobacteriaceae</i> decreased over time without differences between groups, whereas <i>Bifidobacteriaceae</i> and pathogenic <i>E. coli</i> were not affected. In conclusion, the multi-nutrient fortified dairy-based drink reduced anaemia in a dose-dependent way, without stimulating intestinal potential pathogenic bacteria, and thus appears to be safe and effective in treating anaemia in Nigerian toddlers.
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Growth and micronutrient status parameters of Nigerian preterm infants consuming preterm formula or breastmilkBackground: Moderate-to-late preterm infants (32–34 weeks GA) have increased risk of neonatal morbidities compared to term infants, however dedicated nutritional guidelines are lacking. Methods: Moderate-to-late preterm infants received a preterm formula (n = 17) or breastmilk (n = 24) from age 2–10 weeks in a non-randomized, open-label observational study. Anthropometric measurements were assessed bi-weekly. Blood concentrations of hemoglobin, ferritin, serum retinol, and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25OHD) were analyzed at age 2 and 10 weeks. Result: Average growth per day was 14.7 g/kg BW/day in formula-fed and 12.8 g/kg BW/day in breastmilk-fed infants but not different from each other. Length and head circumference in both groups were in line with the median reference values of the Fenton growth chart. At 10 weeks of age, hemoglobin tended to be higher in the formula-fed group (10.2 g/dL vs. 9.6 g/dL, p = 0.053). 25OHD increased in formula- and breastmilk-fed infants from 73.8 to 180.9 nmol/L and from 70.7 to 97.6 nmol/L, respectively. Serum retinol only increased in the formula-fed group (0.63 to 1.02 µmol/L, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Breastfeeding resulted in adequate growth in moderate-late preterm infants but was limiting in some micronutrients. The preterm formula provided adequate micronutrients, but weight gain velocity was higher than the Fenton reference value. Impact statement: Unfortified breastmilk resulted in adequate growth in weight, length and head circumference in Nigerian moderate to late preterm infants during an study period of 8 weeks, but status of vitamin D, vitamin A and iron needs to be monitored. The high-energy formula, developed for very preterm infants, resulted in higher growth in body weight in moderate to late preterm infants than the median of the Fenton preterm growth chart. This study supports the necessity of dedicated nutritional guidelines, and regular monitoring of growth and nutritional status of moderate to late preterm infants.
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Association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and constructs of the Health Belief Model in young adult students at the University of ChesterBackground: Young adults are reported as one of the major consumers of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) globally and the consumption of SSBs is associated with long-term medical conditions. The Health Belief Model (HBM) has been applied to understand SSB consumption by children and adolescents through the use of its constructs. There is a gap in knowlege of HBM application to SSB consumption of young adults. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to fill this gap. Objective: The primary objective of the study was to determine if an association existed between SSB consumption status and the constructs of the HBM: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived barriers, perceived benefits, self-efficacy, and cues in young adult students. Design: Cross-sectional data were obtained using an online self-administered structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and Chi-squared (X2) test for association were used to analyse the data. Setting: Participants were recruited via email and WhatsApp. Participants: Seventy young adult students aged 18 to 30 years studying at the University of Chester, England. Results: The mean age of the participants was 25.5 years (SD: 3.0). 53% consumed SSBs on a given day. Postgraduates (58%), Blacks (52%), and Asian students (70%) had the greater percentages of SSB consumers. There was a very strong significant association between SSB consumption status and level of perceived severity of diseases from a high intake of SSBs, X2 (1, N = 70) = 6.94, P = 0.01, Cramer’s V = 0.32. Also, a very strong association existed between SSB consumption status and self-efficacy level to control SSB intake, X2 (1, N = 70) = 8.83, P = 0.00, Cramer’s V = 0.36. Conclusions: A high percentage of young adult students especially those from minority ethnic groups in the UK consumed SSBs which indicates that targeted initiatives at these groups are required to control their intake. Interventions to control SSB intake in young adult students should consider increasing their level of perceived severity of diseases from a high intake of SSBs and self-efficacy to control SSB intake. We recommend actions that can further increase their awareness of how serious diseases from a high intake of SSBs are. We also recommend measures intended to increase the confidence of young adult students in their ability to avoid SSBs when they are stressed, after writing exam, when they are eating, and when they engage in sedentary activities. In particular, modifying their environment to prevent the availability of SSBs at home and regulating the promotion and cost (via taxation) of SSBs in stores would help to increase their self- efficacy level. Further studies to determine why a greater percentage of postgraduate students are consuming SSBs despite their level of education is required. More comprehensive research on SSB consumption in young adults using the HBM is necessary.
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Analytical data of Acacia nilotica var. Nilotica gumThis study aimed to characterize the exudate gum from Acacia nilotica var. nilotica in Sudan and compare its physicochemical properties to Acacia seyal var. seyal and Acacia senegal var. senegal (gum Arabic). Samples were collected from six different states in Sudan over three seasons. The gum had a moisture content of 10.50%, ash content of 1.86%, pH value of 5.19, specific optical rotation of +94.70, intrinsic viscosity of 10.44 cm3 g-1, nitrogen content of 0.024%, protein content of 0.16%, acid equivalent weight of 1907.82, and total uronic acid content of 10.18%. Sugar content analysis revealed arabinose (41.20%), galactose (17.43%), and rhamnose (10.68%). Potassium was the predominant cation, followed by calcium, magnesium, sodium, lead, and iron. Acacia nilotica was classified as part of the Gummeferae series and exhibited a positive specific optical rotation. The Number average molecular weight (Mn) was estimated using osmometric measurements and gel permeation chromatography. The gum had a higher molecular weight and lower intrinsic viscosity compared to gum Arabic, suggesting a spheroidal shape of molecule. Amino acid analysis showed similarities with gum Arabic, with hydroxyproline and serine as principal amino acids. Variations in cationic composition were attributed to differences in soil type among collection locations.
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Using Photovoice to explore adults' perceptions towards obesity and factors influencing food choice and physical activity in North LebanonOBJECTIVE: To explore adults' perceptions towards obesity and factors influencing eating behaviour and physical activity in North Lebanon, using a variation of the Photovoice method. DESIGN: This research is part of a broader qualitative study exploring factors influencing the rising levels of obesity and understanding the barriers and enablers for effective policy for obesity prevention using a socio-ecological model as a guiding framework. For this study, a variation of "Photovoice" was used to collect photographs to explore participants' perspectives of obesity and its causes in Lebanon, using these photographs to generate discussion in one-to-one face-to-face interviews. Inductive and deductive thematic analyses were used to analyse the transcribed interviews. SETTING: Tripoli, North Governorate, Lebanon. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty Lebanese adults aged 20-64 years were recruited. RESULTS: The participants (n=20) generated 257 photographs representing various factors perceived to be associated with rising obesity in Lebanon: changes in the food and eating landscape, sedentary behaviours, food environments, eating out, and food marketing on social media platforms. Several themes specific to Lebanon were also identified, including the perceptions towards obesity, the central role of women in Lebanese food preparation and the family, and the sociocultural importance of food and social gatherings. CONCLUSION: This study highlights how influences across the five levels of the socio-ecological model shaped the participants' food choices and physical activity levels. Collaborative initiatives and public policies are necessary to address the identified barriers and curb the increasing prevalence of obesity in Lebanon.
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Processing optimisation, molecular characterisation, and anti-cancer activities of arabinoxylans extracted from corn bran in vitroBackground: Arabinoxylans (AXs) are the main non-starch polysaccharides that widely exist in by-products of cereal processing. The anti-cancer activities, such as inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis, of AXs which are extracted from various cereal materials have been reported recently. However, the possible relationship between the structures and anti-cancer activities of AXs have not yet been established and proposed. The anti-cancer mechanisms of AXs are unknown. The aims of this study were to develop and optimise the AXs combined extraction treatment from selected cereals, characterise the molecular structure and measure the anti-cancer activities of AXs extracts in vitro to explore the possible relationship between their structures and anti-cancer activity, and propose the potential mechanisms. Methods: The alkaline (A) extraction method, hydrothermal (H) extraction method, and a low concentration alkaline-assisted hydrothermal (LAH) extraction method were used to extract AXs from cereal materials. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were used to characterise the molecular structure and monocular composi6on of extracted AXs. The anti-cancer effects of extracted AXs on the viability, proliferation cycle and apoptosis of human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (AGS) cells were assessed in vitro using flow cytometry. The mRNA expressions of selected genes related to cell growth and apoptosis control were measured by RT-qPCR analysis and the protein expressions were tested by Western blot assay. Results: Under the optimum extraction condi6ons of LAH, the extraction rate of AXs reached 33.31%, which is about 7 6mes of H extraction (4.65%) and no significant difference when compared with that of A-AXs (32.34%) (p ≥ 0.05). Compared to molecular characteristics of AAXs., LAH-AXs extracts have a lower percentage (23.68%) of low molecular weight range (0.01KDa to 10.00KDa), which is 29.71%, and a higher ferulic acid (FA) content (0.64 mg/g), which is 7 6mes compared to A-AXs (0.09mg/g). In vitro studies showed that both LAH-AXs and A-AXs at optimised concentra6on of 50 μg /ml were able to significantly inhibit the proliferation of AGS and significantly promote apoptosis in AGS cells in 24 hrs treatment (p ≤0.05). Furthermore, in the examination of the mechanism of AXs anti-cancer activities, the cell cycle analysis results demonstrated that both LAH-AXs and A-AXs treatment significantly increased the accumula6on of AGS cells in the S phase, which is 1.4-fold compared with negative control (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, both LAH-AXs and A-AXs significantly up-regulated the mRNA expressions of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 and pro-apoptosis genes Bad and Bid. Differently, LAH-AXs significantly up-regulated caspase-8 mRNA expression (2.33-fold) and pERK protein expression levels (1.4-fold) compared with negative control (p ≤ 0.05), whereas A-AXs did not show a significant impact in this regard. Conclusions: At optimal conditions for LAH-AXs-C extraction, the extraction rate can reach levels comparable to those achieved with high alkaline concentrations (8%). Molecular characterisations indicate variations in molecular distribution, molecular composition and FA content between LAH-AXs-C and A-AXs-C. The distinct effects of LAH-AXs-C and A-AXs-C on the cell cycle arrest occurring at different stages. A decrease in cell viability and induction of apoptosis in AGS cells, may be attributed to the differences in their structures. The underlying mechanisms of their anti-cancer activities possibly involve regulation through the Bcl-2 family signalling pathway and the ERK signalling pathway, which are suggested by the up-regulation of mRNA expressions level of p21 and the pro-apoptosis genes Bad, Bid and protein pERK. Moreover, the upregulation in caspase-8 (2.33-fold) expression indicates the activation of extrinsic pathway. This study optimised the extraction method for AXs, which significantly increased the extraction rate (р≤0.05). It also characterised the structure of AXs and explored their potential anti-cancer effects, providing an initial understanding of the relationship between the structure and bioactivities of AXs at the molecular level.
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Effects of transglutaminase and epigallocatechin gallate on the structural and physicochemical properties of fish skin gelatin from Takifugu rubripesFish skin gelatin (FG) has garnered considerable attention as a potential substitute for mammalian gelatin. In this study, Takifugu rubripes skin gelatin was chemically modified using transglutaminase (TG) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Subsequently, the rheological, structural, and physicochemical properties of FG modified with varying concentrations of TG and EGCG were systematically examined and compared. As the concentrations of TG and EGCG increased, more extensive interactions occurred in FG, leading to a significant enhancement of gelatin properties. Following modification, the molecular weight of FG proteins increased, and this was accompanied by enhanced surface hydrophobicity and gel strength. Rheological analysis further demonstrated that the viscosity of FG modified with TG and EGCG was higher than that of unmodified FG and was positively correlated with the treatment concentrations of TG and EGCG. Additionally, the results indicated that the effect of TG modification was more pronounced than that of EGCG modification. Overall, this study demonstrates that both TG and EGCG modifications can effectively overcome the inherent limitations of fish skin gelatin, with TG showing superior efficiency as a cross-linking agent. The enhanced thermal stability, gel strength, and rheological properties achieved through these interactions significantly expand the potential applications of fish gelatin in the food industry, making it a more viable alternative to mammalian gelatin.
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The Influence of Ethnic and Prevailing Cultures on the Dietary Practices of Adult Immigrant Nigerians Living in the UK: A Phenomenological Study Using the Bourdiuesian LensIntroduction: Morbidity and mortality from preventable diseases among ethnic minority groups, including the Nigerian community, are higher when compared with the white population group in the UK. Evidence suggests that diet is a major modifiable disease risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease, and dementia. Diet depends on several other factors, including culture, affordability, availability of food, particularly those commonly consumed by the community. Changes to diet (a process known as dietary acculturation) are reported to negatively impact the health of ethnic minority groups post-migration. However, published models of dietary acculturation only explain the changes and processes and not the underlying reasons for dietary change post-migration. Furthermore, understanding of the reasons for dietary change, the influence of culture, and other factors on the dietary practices and health of the Nigerian community and other ethnic minority populations in the UK is limited. This study explores the impact of dietary choices in the immigrant Nigerian community living in the UK, within the context of culture and other factors. Exploring the reasons for dietary change and the influence of culture using a sociological lens, namely Bourdieu’s theory of practice, is useful to better understand the development of health inequalities among ethnic communities. Methods: This thesis is situated within the interpretivism paradigm, driven by Heidegger’s phenomenological existentialism as a theoretical framework, with Bourdieu’s theory of practice used as the conceptual framework. iv Integrating existential phenomenology and Bourdieu’s theory enhanced the assumptions about the nature of existence or reality and helped to extend knowledge and understanding of the topic researched. Using a Hermeneutic phenomenological design, a qualitative research methodology that entails exploring individuals lived experiences, and with the aid of purposive sampling, community networks, and snowballing, were leveraged to assist in recruiting participants, based on socioeconomic factors, from the adult Nigerian population in Manchester and London. Using an informed consent process, seventeen one-to-one telephone semi-structured interviews were undertaken, enabling detailed information about culture, dietary choices, and finances to be collected. Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using Braun and Clark’s six-step guide reflexive thematic analysis approach, and Bourdieu’s theory of practice to guide and extend further the meaning of the data. Results: Viewing findings through the lens of Bourdieu's theory of practice, interactions between the concepts of habitus, field, and capital assist in explaining the retention of the Nigerian traditional dietary practice and the adoption of food regarded as unhealthy as a direct response to the increasing cost-of-living crisis. Other findings that were not the focus of the thesis were revealed. For example, most participants had limited knowledge of health-related diseases, healthy diets, and an understanding of health promotion resources. Furthermore, participants report what they now eat, and activities adopted to support eating in response to the increasing cost-of-living crisis. Conclusion: Dietary acculturation is inevitable among immigrant population. Embedding sociological theory in understanding diet related phenomenon is important to better understand health inequalities related to diet. Holding on to ethnic and cultural diets and the adoption of unhealthy dietary practices cause concern since energy-dense and nutrient-poor, low-quality diets are high-risk factors for chronic diseases. The need to develop culturally appropriate strategies to support healthy eating on a budget for this ethnic group is paramount to prevent poor health outcomes. Findings can be used for developing strategies and interventions aimed at reducing the widening ethnic health inequalities v concerning known diet-related disease risk factors
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Stakeholders' perspectives on adolescent obesity prevention amid the nutrition transition in LebanonAdolescent obesity has become a major public health concern globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries undergoing rapid Nutrition Transitions. Lebanon, a middle-income country in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, has experienced substantial shifts in dietary patterns and physical activity levels in recent decades, contributing to an alarming rise in obesity among youth. This qualitative study aimed to explore the perceptions and experiences of key stakeholders in Lebanon regarding the multilevel determinants of adolescent obesity, as well as the challenges and opportunities for effective prevention strategies in this context. The study explored stakeholders' views on the drivers of adolescent obesity in Lebanon at the individual, interpersonal, community, organizational, and policy levels. The findings underscore the critical need for comprehensive, multilevel, multistakeholder approaches to address the root causes of adolescent obesity in Lebanon. This study provides timely and contextually relevant insights that can inform the development of effective and sustainable strategies to prevent and control adolescent obesity in Lebanon. It also contributes to the growing literature on the challenges and opportunities for tackling the global burden of obesity in the context of rapid Nutrition Transitions in low- and middle-income countries.
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SCCS Opinion on Biphenyl-2-ol and Sodium 2-biphenylolate used in cosmetic products (CAS/EC No. 90-43-7/201-993-5 and 132-27-4/205-055-6)– SCCS/1669/24‘Biphenyl-2-ol’ and ‘Sodium 2-biphenylolate’ (CAS/EC No. 90-43-7/201-993-5 and 132-27-4/205-055-6) are known with the INCI names ‘o-Phenylphenol’ and Sodium ‘o-Phenylphenate’, respectively, as cosmetic ingredients. The use of o-Phenylphenol as a preservative is currently authorised in entry 7 of Annex V to the Cosmetics Regulation (EC) No.1223/2009, with a maximum concentration of 0.15 % (as phenol) in leave-on and 0.2 % (as phenol) in rinse-off cosmetic products. The Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) adopted an opinion on o-Phenylphenol (OPP), Sodium o-Phenylphenate (SOPP), and Potassium o-Phenylphenate (POPP) (SCCS/1555/15) in June 2015, later revised on 15 December 2015, with the following conclusion: ‘Based on the information provided, no conclusions of safe use can be drawn for Sodium o-Phenylphenate and Potassium o-Phenylphenate’. In 2018, the SCCS released an addendum to the above scientific opinion, specifically addressing Sodium o-Phenylphenate, Potassium o-Phenylphenate, and MEA o-Phenylphenate. The SCCS concluded that ‘Due to the lack of relevant information, the SCCS is unable to answer the question regarding the safe use level of sodium-OPP, potassium-OPP, and MEA-OPP. In the SCCS's view, a direct comparison between the safety of o-Phenylphenate (OPP) and its three compounds cannot be made’. The conclusions of this opinion resulted in amending entry 7 of Annex V to the Cosmetics Regulation, removing from the list the previously authorised OPP salts. It should be noted that o-Phenylphenol, Sodium and Potassium o-Phenylphenate are active ingredients in broad-spectrum fungicides surface biocides. Under EU biocidal Regulation (EU) 528/2012, o-Phenylphenol has been evaluated for the different product types (PTs) such as PT 1, PT 2, PT4, PT 6 as a preservative ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 % w/w. The European Risk Assessment Committee (RAC) of ECHA issued in December 2022 an opinion recommending among others a classification for o-Phenylphenol as ‘Carcinogen of Category 2’. Following the RAC opinion, the European Commission may propose a classification for o-Phenylphenol as a ‘Carc.2’ (CLP Regulation Annex VI entry). According to Article 15(1) of the Cosmetics Regulation ‘the use in cosmetic products of substances classified as CMR substances, of category 2, under Part 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 shall be prohibited. However, a substance classified in category 2 may be used in cosmetic products where the substance has been evaluated by the SCCS and found safe for use in cosmetic products’. In view of these provisions, regulatory measures must be adopted by the Commission services within 15 months of the classification as CMR 1A or 1B of the substance(s) concerned in Part 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008. In December 2023, the Commission services received a dossier to defend the safe use of o-Phenylphenol, as well as its sodium salt (CAS/EC No. 90-43-7/201-993-5 and 132-27-4/205-055-6) as preservatives in cosmetic products according to Article 15(1) of the Cosmetics Regulation 1223/2009. The Commission, therefore, requests the SCCS to carry out a safety assessment on these ingredients in view of the information provided.
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An Investigation of Hydrocolloids Film Forming Ability on a Vertically Rotating DiscHydrocolloids are widely used in the food industry to perform variety of functions such as coatings, thickening, emulsifying, stabilizing and edible films. Their functionality for a given application are underpinned by the molecular weight, shape, and conformation in aqueous solution. The film forming ability of selected hydrocolloids, different in shape (rod, random coil and spherical) and/or conformation in aqueous solution were investigated experimentally and numerically on a vertically rotating disc. These include: xanthan, pectin, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and gum arabic. The Laser scan method was used for the measurement of film thickness of the respective the hydrocolloids. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling approach was used in the numerical model. The variation in film formation at different concentrations has been observed to ascertain a trend. Both the experimental and simulation results revealed that the film formation depends on the molecular structure of the hydrocolloid while viscosity and rotating speed significantly influenced the film thickness. Xanthan showed higher film formation ability compared to the other hydrocolloids due to its higher viscosity. It was interesting to note that the film formation ability by CMC was significantly higher than pectin though pectin was five times more viscous than CMC. Gum arabic exhibited the lowest viscosity but formed almost the same film thickness on the disc as pectin despite being twenty times less viscous. Increasing CMC concentration from 0.5% to 1% resulted in increasing its viscosity and the film thickness. The film thickness increased at the disc rotating speed of 6 rpm as compared to 3 rpm. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental data.
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Potential for behaviour change among Kenyan type 2 diabetes service users and to understand behaviour change from healthcare professionals’ perspectivesIntroduction: The rising type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence is largely due to unhealthy dietary practices, lack of physical activity, economic development, urbanisation, and an ageing population. Management of T2DM involves pharmacological treatment and or lifestyle behaviour changes focusing on diet and physical activity behaviour modifications. Diet and physical activity behaviour modifications are crucial in T2DM management. However, behaviour change is complex and challenging and more so in diet and physical activity behaviours as these are influenced by a myriad of behavioural, social, emotional and environmental, neuroendocrine and genetic factors. Behaviour change thus remains one of the most significant public health concerns. Underpinning this research study is the continued challenge with behaviour change among T2DM service users that leads to development of T2DM related complications and even death. The purpose of this study was therefore to examine the likelihood to change behaviour so as to avoid T2DM related complications and to explore whether being in receipt of the recommended care services had any influence on likelihood to change behaviour. This is particularly important because numerous interventions have been carried out but while change may be initially noted, the positive behaviour is in many cases not sustained over time. The main impact of this study to provide an understanding on the influences of behaviour change as influenced by the health belief model and to explore hinderances to access to the diabetes recommended care services. Methods: The study utilised a mixed-method approach to gain an in-depth comprehension of the topic. The target population for the study comprised of T2DM service users at the Thika Level 5 Hospital diabetes comprehensive clinic and healthcare professionals directly involved in T2DM management. Through power calculations, a sample size of 346 service users was determined. Forty three healthcare professionals were also included in the study as key informants. The inclusion criterion for the diabetes clinic service users was persons diagnosed with type two diabetes and aged 20-70. The inclusion criterion for the healthcare professionals was those who directly worked with service users with regards to behaviour change. Purposive sampling was used in selecting the participants for the study. The exclusion criterion for the service users was those who had type one diabetes or were aged below 20 or above 70 years. For the healthcare professionals, those not directly involved with type two diabetes service users behaviour change (diet and physical activity) were not included in the study. Questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data from the service users. Semi-structured individual interviews were used to collect data from the healthcare professionals. Quantitative data was coded and entered into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, Version 28.0, for analysis. Qualitative data was entered into Nvivo 13 for thematic analysis. Findings: Behaviour change among healthcare professionals and T2DM service users is based on four constructs of the health belief model: susceptibility to complications, intention to exercise, perceived benefits of exercise and health eating and healthy eating intentions (likened to cues to action). Different factors that affect T2DM management are categorised into predisposing factors, reinforcing factors and enabling factors. Management processes of T2DM should include primary targets to prevent T2DM, primary targets towards promoting behaviour change, actions engaged in the management of T2DM, multi-sectorial approaches and actions by other sectors. Conclusion: According to the study, behaviour change is perceived differently among healthcare professionals and service users. The study therefore recommends that tailored messages should be delivered to different categories of patients so as to enhance behaviour change. The health belief model should be adopted in crafting the messages so as to so as to effectively address complications (perceived susceptibility and severity) associated with T2DM, perceived barriers, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy for behaviour change to be effective. A “one size fits all” approach is not recommended when coming up with interventions towards behaviour change. Further, the study also concludes that policy makers in the Kenyan health system should consider predisposing factors, reinforcing factors and enabling factors towards T2DM management policy making. Since T2DM management involves different targets, the Kenyan health system should engage different stakeholders. A “one size fits all” approach is therefore not appropriate towards T2DM management.
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UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS identification, antioxidant, and alpha-glucosidase inhibition activities of three forms of phenolic compounds from Yemeni jujube fruit: In vitro and in silico investigationsJujube fruits have rich medicinal value due to their biological properties which are affected mainly by geographical locations. This study investigates the antioxidant properties of free fraction (FF), esterified fraction (EF), bound fraction (BF), and other metabolites prepared from dried Yemeni jujube fruit and compare to those previously reported in the literature. Results from UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis showed that this fruit consists of a total of 33, 26, and 27 free, esterified, and bound compounds identified, respectively. In terms of ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> assays, the BF exhibited values 1.2, 1.3,1.3, and 1.4 times higher than those of the FF, and similarly, 1.8, 1.9,2.0, and 2.5 times higher than the EF. A similar trend was observed in the inhibition of α-glucosidase (α-Glu), where the BF was 1.6, and 2.4 times more effective compared to the FF and EF, respectively. In silico analysis showed that flavonoids, the key active compounds, had substantial α-glucosidase binding capacity. In the meat model, all fractions inhibited protein and lipid oxidation during storage, and the BF exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity. This study provides the first investigation of the structure of active compounds and their biological properties in Yemeni jujube fruit. Yemeni fruits can be utilized as natural antioxidants, and nutraceuticals in food preservation, and medicine respectively.
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Analytical study on secondary metabolites extraction and characterization from Acacia Gums (AGs)Acacia gums (AGs), derived from Acacia senegal, Acacia seyal, and Acacia polyacantha trees, are widely used in various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. They serve as emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners, and soluble dietary fibers. This study aimed to optimize the extraction process of secondary metabolites extracted (SME) from AGS to enhance their efficiency and quality for industrial applications. Gum arabic, primarily composed of D-galactose, L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, D-glucuronic acid, and 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid with a small fraction of proteins, is a multifunctional ingredient known for its emulsifying activity, attributed to its amphiphilic nature. Its effectiveness as an emulsifier stems from its high water solubility, low-viscosity, good surface activity, and ability to form a protective film around emulsion droplets. AGS in Sudan play crucial ecological roles by providing fodder, firewood, gums, and soil erosion control, which are essential for gum arabic production. Sudan’s diverse biodiversity hosts many plant species traditionally used for medicinal purposes, with extensive knowledge of medicinal plant species stemming from their widespread use among different ethnic groups. This study highlights the importance of optimizing the extraction of secondary metabolites from AGS for industrial applications, and the significance of AGS in Sudan’s ecological balance and economic stability.
